Given an array of integers where each element represents the max number of steps that can be made forward from that element. Write a function to return the minimum number of jumps to reach the end of the array (starting from the first element). If an element is 0, then cannot move through that element.
Example:
Input: arr[] = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 2, 6, 7, 6, 8, 9}
Output: 3 (1-> 3 -> 8 ->9)
First element is 1, so can only go to 3. Second element is 3, so can make at most 3 steps eg to 5 or 8 or 9.
Method 1 (Naive Recursive Approach)
A naive approach is to start from the first element and recursively call for all the elements reachable from first element. The minimum number of jumps to reach end from first can be calculated using minimum number of jumps needed to reach end from the elements reachable from first.
minJumps(start, end) = Min ( minJumps(k, end) ) for all k reachable from start
C++
// C++ program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; // Returns minimum number of jumps // to reach arr[h] from arr[l] int minJumps(int arr[], int l, int h) { // Base case: when source and // destination are same if (h == l) return 0; // When nothing is reachable from // the given source if (arr[l] == 0) return INT_MAX; // Traverse through all the points // reachable from arr[l]. Recursively // get the minimum number of jumps // needed to reach arr[h] from these // reachable points. int min = INT_MAX; for (int i = l + 1; i <= h && i <= l + arr[l]; i++) { int jumps = minJumps(arr, i, h); if(jumps != INT_MAX && jumps + 1 < min) min = jumps + 1; } return min; } // Driver Code int main() { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5}; int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); cout << "Minimum number of jumps to reach end is " << minJumps(arr, 0, n-1); return 0; } // This code is contributed // by Shivi_Aggarwal |
C
#include <stdio.h> #include <limits.h> // Returns minimum number of jumps to reach arr[h] from arr[l] int minJumps(int arr[], int l, int h) { // Base case: when source and destination are same if (h == l) return 0; // When nothing is reachable from the given source if (arr[l] == 0) return INT_MAX; // Traverse through all the points reachable from arr[l]. Recursively // get the minimum number of jumps needed to reach arr[h] from these // reachable points. int min = INT_MAX; for (int i = l+1; i <= h && i <= l + arr[l]; i++) { int jumps = minJumps(arr, i, h); if(jumps != INT_MAX && jumps + 1 < min) min = jumps + 1; } return min; } // Driver program to test above function int main() { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5}; int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); printf("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is %d ", minJumps(arr, 0, n-1)); return 0; } |
Java
// Javaprogram to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end import java.util.*; import java.io.*; class GFG { // Returns minimum number of // jumps to reach arr[h] from arr[l] static int minJumps(int arr[], int l, int h) { // Base case: when source // and destination are same if (h == l) return 0; // When nothing is reachable // from the given source if (arr[l] == 0) return Integer.MAX_VALUE; // Traverse through all the points // reachable from arr[l]. Recursively // get the minimum number of jumps // needed to reach arr[h] from these // reachable points. int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int i = l+1; i <= h && i <= l + arr[l]; i++) { int jumps = minJumps(arr, i, h); if(jumps != Integer.MAX_VALUE && jumps + 1 < min) min = jumps + 1; } return min; } // Driver code public static void main(String args[]) { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5}; int n = arr.length; System.out.print("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is " + minJumps(arr, 0, n-1)); } } // This code is contributed by Sahil_Bansall |
Python3
# Python3 program to find Minimum # number of jumps to reach end # Returns minimum number of jumps # to reach arr[h] from arr[l] def minJumps(arr, l, h): # Base case: when source and # destination are same if (h == l): return 0 # when nothing is reachable # from the given source if (arr[l] == 0): return float('inf') # Traverse through all the points # reachable from arr[l]. Recursively # get the minimum number of jumps # needed to reach arr[h] from # these reachable points. min = float('inf') for i in range(l + 1, h + 1): if (i < l + arr[l] + 1): jumps = minJumps(arr, i, h) if (jumps != float('inf') and jumps + 1 < min): min = jumps + 1 return min # Driver program to test above function arr = [1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5] n = len(arr) print('Minimum number of jumps to reach', 'end is', minJumps(arr, 0, n-1)) # This code is contributed by Soumen Ghosh |
C#
// C# program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end using System; class GFG { // Returns minimum number of // jumps to reach arr[h] from arr[l] static int minJumps(int []arr, int l, int h) { // Base case: when source // and destination are same if (h == l) return 0; // When nothing is reachable // from the given source if (arr[l] == 0) return int.MaxValue; // Traverse through all the points // reachable from arr[l]. Recursively // get the minimum number of jumps // needed to reach arr[h] from these // reachable points. int min = int.MaxValue; for (int i = l+1; i <= h && i <= l + arr[l]; i++) { int jumps = minJumps(arr, i, h); if(jumps != int.MaxValue && jumps + 1 < min) min = jumps + 1; } return min; } // Driver code public static void Main() { int []arr = {1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5}; int n = arr.Length; Console.Write("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is " + minJumps(arr, 0, n-1)); } } // This code is contributed by Sam007 |
PHP
<?php // php program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end // Returns minimum number of jumps // to reach arr[h] from arr[l] function minJumps($arr, $l, $h) { // Base case: when source and // destination are same if ($h == $l) return 0; // When nothing is reachable // from the given source if ($arr[$l] == 0) return INT_MAX; // Traverse through all the points // reachable from arr[l]. Recursively // get the minimum number of jumps // needed to reach arr[h] from these // reachable points. $min = 999999; for ($i = $l+1; $i <= $h && $i <= $l + $arr[$l]; $i++) { $jumps = minJumps($arr, $i, $h); if($jumps != 999999 && $jumps + 1 < $min) $min = $jumps + 1; } return $min; } // Driver program to test above function $arr = array(1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5); $n = count($arr); echo "Minimum number of jumps to reach " . "end is ". minJumps($arr, 0, $n-1); // This code is contributed by Sam007 ?> |
Output:
Minimum number of jumps to reach end is 4
If we trace the execution of this method, we can see that there will be overlapping subproblems. For example, minJumps(3, 9) will be called two times as arr[3] is reachable from arr[1] and arr[2]. So this problem has both properties (optimal substructure and overlapping subproblems) of Dynamic Programming.
Method 2 (Dynamic Programming)
In this method, we build a jumps[] array from left to right such that jumps[i] indicates the minimum number of jumps needed to reach arr[i] from arr[0]. Finally, we return jumps[n-1].
C++
// C++ program for Minimum number of jumps to reach end #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int min(int x, int y) { return (x < y)? x: y; } // Returns minimum number of jumps // to reach arr[n-1] from arr[0] int minJumps(int arr[], int n) { // jumps[n-1] will hold the result int *jumps = new int[n]; int i, j; if (n == 0 || arr[0] == 0) return INT_MAX; jumps[0] = 0; // Find the minimum number of jumps to reach arr[i] // from arr[0], and assign this value to jumps[i] for (i = 1; i < n; i++) { jumps[i] = INT_MAX; for (j = 0; j < i; j++) { if (i <= j + arr[j] && jumps[j] != INT_MAX) { jumps[i] = min(jumps[i], jumps[j] + 1); break; } } } return jumps[n-1]; } // Driver code int main() { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; int size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int); cout<<"Minimum number of jumps to reach end is "<< minJumps(arr,size); return 0; } // This is code is contributed by rathbhupendra |
C
#include <stdio.h> #include <limits.h> int min(int x, int y) { return (x < y)? x: y; } // Returns minimum number of jumps to reach arr[n-1] from arr[0] int minJumps(int arr[], int n) { int *jumps = new int[n]; // jumps[n-1] will hold the result int i, j; if (n == 0 || arr[0] == 0) return INT_MAX; jumps[0] = 0; // Find the minimum number of jumps to reach arr[i] // from arr[0], and assign this value to jumps[i] for (i = 1; i < n; i++) { jumps[i] = INT_MAX; for (j = 0; j < i; j++) { if (i <= j + arr[j] && jumps[j] != INT_MAX) { jumps[i] = min(jumps[i], jumps[j] + 1); break; } } } return jumps[n-1]; } // Driver program to test above function int main() { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; int size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int); printf("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is %d ", minJumps(arr,size)); return 0; } |
Java
// JAVA Code for Minimum number of jumps to reach end class GFG{ private static int minJumps(int[] arr, int n) { int jumps[] = new int[n]; // jumps[n-1] will hold the // result int i, j; if (n == 0 || arr[0] == 0) return Integer.MAX_VALUE; // if first element is 0, // end cannot be reached jumps[0] = 0; // Find the minimum number of jumps to reach arr[i] // from arr[0], and assign this value to jumps[i] for (i = 1; i < n; i++) { jumps[i] = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (j = 0; j < i; j++) { if (i <= j + arr[j] && jumps[j] != Integer.MAX_VALUE) { jumps[i] = Math.min(jumps[i], jumps[j] + 1); break; } } } return jumps[n-1]; } // driver program to test above function public static void main(String[] args) { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; System.out.println("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is : "+ minJumps(arr,arr.length)); } } // This code is contributed by Arnav Kr. Mandal. |
Python3
# Python3 program to find Minimum # number of jumps to reach end # Returns minimum number of jumps # to reach arr[n-1] from arr[0] def minJumps(arr, n): jumps = [0 for i in range(n)] if (n == 0) or (arr[0] == 0): return float('inf') jumps[0] = 0 # Find the minimum number of # jumps to reach arr[i] from # arr[0] and assign this # value to jumps[i] for i in range(1, n): jumps[i] = float('inf') for j in range(i): if (i <= j + arr[j]) and (jumps[j] != float('inf')): jumps[i] = min(jumps[i], jumps[j] + 1) break return jumps[n-1] # Driver Program to test above function arr = [1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9] size = len(arr) print('Minimum number of jumps to reach', 'end is', minJumps(arr,size)) # This code is contributed by Soumen Ghosh |
C#
// C# Code for Minimum number of jumps to reach end using System; class GFG { static int minJumps(int[] arr, int n) { // jumps[n-1] will hold the // result int []jumps = new int[n]; // if first element is 0, if (n == 0 || arr[0] == 0) // end cannot be reached return int.MaxValue; jumps[0] = 0; // Find the minimum number of // jumps to reach arr[i] // from arr[0], and assign // this value to jumps[i] for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) { jumps[i] = int.MaxValue; for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) { if (i <= j + arr[j] && jumps[j] != int.MaxValue ) { jumps[i] = Math.Min(jumps[i], jumps[j] + 1); break; } } } return jumps[n - 1]; } // Driver program public static void Main() { int []arr = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; Console.Write("Minimum number of jumps to reach end is : "+ minJumps(arr,arr.Length)); } } // This code is contributed by Sam007 |
PHP
<?php // PHP code for Minimum number of // jumps to reach end // Returns minimum number of jumps // to reach arr[n-1] from arr[0] function minJumps($arr, $n) { // jumps[n-1] will // hold the result $jumps = array($n); if ($n == 0 || $arr[0] == 0) return 999999; $jumps[0] = 0; // Find the minimum number of // jumps to reach arr[i] // from arr[0], and assign // this value to jumps[i] for ($i = 1; $i < $n; $i++) { $jumps[$i] = 999999; for ($j = 0; $j < $i; $j++) { if ($i <= $j + $arr[$j] && $jumps[$j] != 999999) { $jumps[$i] = min($jumps[$i], $jumps[$j] + 1); break; } } } return $jumps[$n-1]; } // Driver Code $arr = array(1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9); $size = count($arr); echo "Minimum number of jumps to reach end is ". minJumps($arr, $size); // This code is contributed by Sam007 ?> |
Output:
Minimum number of jumps to reach end is 3
Thanks to paras for suggesting this method.
Time Complexity: O(n^2)
Method 3 (Dynamic Programming)
In this method, we build jumps[] array from right to left such that jumps[i] indicates the minimum number of jumps needed to reach arr[n-1] from arr[i]. Finally, we return arr[0].
C++
// CPP program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end #include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; // Returns Minimum number of // jumps to reach end int minJumps(int arr[], int n) { // jumps[0] will hold the result int *jumps = new int[n]; int min; // Minimum number of jumps needed // to reach last element from last // elements itself is always 0 jumps[n-1] = 0; // Start from the second element, // move from right to left and // construct the jumps[] array where // jumps[i] represents minimum number // of jumps needed to reach // arr[m-1] from arr[i] for (int i = n-2; i >=0; i--) { // If arr[i] is 0 then arr[n-1] // can't be reached from here if (arr[i] == 0) jumps[i] = INT_MAX; // If we can direcly reach to // the end point from here then // jumps[i] is 1 else if (arr[i] >= n - i - 1) jumps[i] = 1; // Otherwise, to find out the minimum // number of jumps needed to reach // arr[n-1], check all the points // reachable from here and jumps[] // value for those points else { // initialize min value min = INT_MAX; // following loop checks with all // reachable points and takes // the minimum for (int j = i + 1; j < n && j <= arr[i] + i; j++) { if (min > jumps[j]) min = jumps[j]; } // Handle overflow if (min != INT_MAX) jumps[i] = min + 1; else jumps[i] = min; // or INT_MAX } } return jumps[0]; } // Driver program to test above function int main() { int arr[] = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; int size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int); cout << "Minimum number of jumps to reach" << " end is " << minJumps(arr, size); return 0; } |
Java
// Java program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end class GFG { // Returns Minimum number // of jumps to reach end static int minJumps(int arr[], int n) { // jumps[0] will // hold the result int[] jumps = new int[n]; int min; // Minimum number of jumps // needed to reach last // element from last elements // itself is always 0 jumps[n - 1] = 0; // Start from the second // element, move from right // to left and construct the // jumps[] array where jumps[i] // represents minimum number of // jumps needed to reach arr[m-1] // from arr[i] for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) { // If arr[i] is 0 then arr[n-1] // can't be reached from here if (arr[i] == 0) jumps[i] = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // If we can direcly reach to // the end point from here then // jumps[i] is 1 else if (arr[i] >= n - i - 1) jumps[i] = 1; // Otherwise, to find out // the minimum number of // jumps needed to reach // arr[n-1], check all the // points reachable from // here and jumps[] value // for those points else { // initialize min value min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // following loop checks // with all reachable points // and takes the minimum for (int j = i + 1; j < n && j <= arr[i] + i; j++) { if (min > jumps[j]) min = jumps[j]; } // Handle overflow if (min != Integer.MAX_VALUE) jumps[i] = min + 1; else jumps[i] = min; // or Integer.MAX_VALUE } } return jumps[0]; } // Driver Code public static void main(String[] args) { int[] arr = {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; int size = arr.length; System.out.println("Minimum number of" + " jumps to reach end is " + minJumps(arr, size)); } } // This code is contributed by mits. |
Python3
# Python3 progrma to find Minimum # number of jumps to reach end # Returns Minimum number of # jumps to reach end def minJumps(arr, n): # jumps[0] will hold the result jumps = [0 for i in range(n)] # Minimum number of jumps needed # to reach last element from # last elements itself is always 0 # jumps[n-1] is also initialized to 0 # Start from the second element, # move from right to left and # construct the jumps[] array where # jumps[i] represents minimum number # of jumps needed to reach arr[m-1] # form arr[i] for i in range(n-2, -1, -1): # If arr[i] is 0 then arr[n-1] # can't be reached from here if (arr[i] == 0): jumps[i] = float('inf') # If we can directly reach to # the end point from here then # jumps[i] is 1 elif (arr[i] >= n - i - 1): jumps[i] = 1 # Otherwise, to find out the # minimum number of jumps # needed to reach arr[n-1], # check all the points # reachable from here and # jumps[] value for those points else: # initialize min value min = float('inf') # following loop checks with # all reachavle points and # takes the minimum for j in range(i + 1, n): if (j <= arr[i] + i): if (min > jumps[j]): min = jumps[j] # Handle overflow if (min != float('inf')): jumps[i] = min + 1 else: # or INT_MAX jumps[i] = min return jumps[0] # Driver program to test above function arr = [1, 3, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 5] n = len(arr) print('Minimum number of jumps to reach', 'end is', minJumps(arr, n-1)) # This code is contributed by Soumen Ghosh |
C#
// C# program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end using System; class GFG { // Returns Minimum number // of jumps to reach end public static int minJumps(int[] arr, int n) { // jumps[0] will // hold the result int[] jumps = new int[n]; int min; // Minimum number of jumps needed to // reach last element from last elements // itself is always 0 jumps[n - 1] = 0; // Start from the second element, move // from right to left and construct the // jumps[] array where jumps[i] represents // minimum number of jumps needed to reach // arr[m-1] from arr[i] for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) { // If arr[i] is 0 then arr[n-1] // can't be reached from here if (arr[i] == 0) { jumps[i] = int.MaxValue; } // If we can direcly reach to the end // point from here then jumps[i] is 1 else if (arr[i] >= n - i - 1) { jumps[i] = 1; } // Otherwise, to find out the minimum // number of jumps needed to reach // arr[n-1], check all the points // reachable from here and jumps[] value // for those points else { // initialize min value min = int.MaxValue; // following loop checks with all // reachable points and takes the minimum for (int j = i + 1; j < n && j <= arr[i] + i; j++) { if (min > jumps[j]) { min = jumps[j]; } } // Handle overflow if (min != int.MaxValue) { jumps[i] = min + 1; } else { jumps[i] = min; // or Integer.MAX_VALUE } } } return jumps[0]; } // Driver Code public static void Main(string[] args) { int[] arr = new int[] {1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9}; int size = arr.Length; Console.WriteLine("Minimum number of" + " jumps to reach end is " + minJumps(arr, size)); } } // This code is contributed by Shrikant13 |
PHP
<?php // PHP program to find Minimum // number of jumps to reach end // Returns Minimum number of jumps // to reach end function minJumps($arr, $n) { // jumps[0] will hold the result $jumps[$n] = array(); $min; // Minimum number of jumps needed // to reach last element from last // elements itself is always 0 $jumps[$n-1] = array(0); // Start from the second element, // move from right to left and // construct the jumps[] array where // jumps[i] represents minimum number // of jumps needed to reach // arr[m-1] from arr[i] for ($i = $n - 2; $i >= 0; $i--) { // If arr[i] is 0 then arr[n-1] // can't be reached from here if ($arr[$i] == 0) $jumps[$i] = PHP_INT_MAX; // If we can direcly reach to // the end point from here then // jumps[i] is 1 else if ($arr[$i] >= ($n - $i) - 1) $jumps[$i] = 1; // Otherwise, to find out the minimum // number of jumps needed to reach // arr[n-1], check all the points // reachable from here and jumps[] // value for those points else { // initialize min value $min = PHP_INT_MAX; // following loop checks with all // reachable points and takes // the minimum for ($j = $i + 1; $j < $n && $j <= $arr[$i] + $i; $j++) { if ($min > $jumps[$j]) $min = $jumps[$j]; } // Handle overflow if ($min != PHP_INT_MAX) $jumps[$i] = $min + 1; else $jumps[$i] = $min; // or INT_MAX } } return $jumps[0]; } // Driver Code $arr = array(1, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9); $size = sizeof($arr); echo "Minimum number of jumps to reach", " end is " , minJumps($arr, $size); // This code is contributed by ajit. ?> |
Output:
Minimum number of jumps to reach end is 3
Time Complexity: O(n^2) in worst case.
Minimum number of jumps to reach end | Set 2 (O(n) solution)
Thanks to Ashish for suggesting this solution.
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